Sympathetic Nervous System

The sympathetic nervous system is one of three systems responsible for the body's autonomic responses. It is part of the peripheral nervous system which is responsible for controlling the body's homeostasis and self-regulation. The sympathetic nervous system acts as a peaking mechanism when a person's body is in need of more energy such as in situations of acute stress. The system is responsible for such processes as increased heart rate, increased respiration rate and pupil dilation. The sympathetic nervous system can be seen as the body's accelerator, functioning to increase physiological processes within the body while decreasing digestions, relaxation and rest. It works to create the classic "fight or flight" response that is designed to prepare the body for a massive burst of energy in the face of danger. The system is activated through two neuron processes which chain together; a pre-synaptic neuron which carries the signal to the post-synaptic neuron and then produces a neurotransmitter which in turn activates the sympathetic nervous system. This causes the secretion of hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine which cause an increase in the heart rate, a release of glucose for energy, and an increase in respiration rate. The sympathetic nervous system also plays a role in controlling emotions such as fear and anxiety. An active sympathetic nervous system leads to a greater awareness of potential threats in the environment. It is important to note that when the system is activated for an extended period of time it can lead to mental health difficulties such as depression and anxiety as it is no longer responding in short bursts of stress but instead is in a continuous state of high alert. To regulate the sympathetic nervous system, it is important to make lifestyle changes such as reducing caffeine intake and incorporating regular exercise into one's routine. Reducing chronic stressors such as overworking, lack of sleep and poor diet will also help to balance the sympathetic nervous system. In extreme cases, medications such as stress relievers may be required to alleviate symptoms and better regulate the system.