Seizures

Seizures are episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, which cause certain behavioral, sensory and motor symptoms. Depending on the affected areas of the brain, seizures may take on a variety of different forms, including convulsive seizures (also known as major motor seizures or tonic-clonic seizures) as well as non-convulsive seizures such as absence, myoclonic, and focal seizures. Convulsive seizures involve rhythmic shaking or jerking of the body, often in combination with loss of consciousness and are commonly seen in people with epilepsy. Non-convulsive seizures may manifest in less obvious ways such as staring spells, changes in behavior, or unclear speech. Seizures can be divided into two main categories: focal seizures, which start in just one part of the brain, and generalized seizures, which involve multiple areas of the brain. Focal seizures focus on the affected areas of the brain, either through changes in behavior or motor activity, such as twitching of the face or arms. Generalized seizures involve both sides of the brain and show more obvious signs, typically involving a loss of consciousness or stiffening of the whole body. Diagnosis of seizures depends on a combination of EEG pattern, clinical history, and physical findings. EEG pattern can be used to diagnose different types of seizures, and can also be used to identify if the seizures are focal or generalized. Clinical history is important for determining the cause of the seizures, particularly if the patient has a known history of epilepsy or a traumatic brain injury. Physical findings can also help diagnose seizures, such as changes in vision or unusual eye movement. Once a seizure is diagnosed, treatment is tailored to the individual and the type of seizure. Treatment may involve medications, lifestyle changes, surgery, or the use of devices such as vagal nerve stimulation in some cases.