Secondary Injury

Secondary injury occurs shortly after a primary injury, which can be caused by a traumatic incident such as a car accident, a slip and fall, or a sports injury. Secondary injury can be physical, mental, and/or emotional. The secondary injury is caused by the body responding to the primary injury in defense, protecting itself from further injury. Some of the most common causes of secondary injury are swelling, bleeding, and inflammation, as well as damage to the nervous system by compression of nerves, or stretching of the spine. The immediate swelling of the injury site can cause pressure on vital nerves, restricting or blocking circulation. This subsequently leads to decreased drainage and direct compression of the nerves, vessels, and muscles. As a result of this nerve, vessel or muscle compression, the person may experience symptoms such as burning, stinging, numbness, weakness, or paralysis. Mineral deficiencies associated with trauma can also add to the secondary injury. In addition, inflammation is a major factor of secondary injury, and can cause both physical and mental complications. Inflammation can go deep inside the cell and affect the cells’ mechanisms, resulting in cellular death. Uncontrolled inflammation can significantly weaken the vital structures of the body, such as nerves, muscles, and ligaments. Therefore, when inflammation persists, it can result in secondary injury, which can worsen the primary injury or cause new problems. Without treatment, inflammation will persist, creating a cycle of increased pain, decreased mobility, and diminished strength. The best way to prevent secondary injury is to take steps to reduce swelling, inflammation, and bleeding immediately after the primary injury. This can be done through the use of ice, elevation, and compression. In addition, medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help to stop inflammation and reduce pain. It is also recommended that physical therapy be used to rehabilitate the injury site and increase strength and flexibility. Finally, it is important to take adequate rest and allow the injury to heal completely before returning to normal activity.