Parkinsonism

Parkinsonism is an umbrella term that refers to a group of neurological disorders that cause movement-related deterioration of the brain. These disorders include Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Each of these conditions involves a characteristic set of symptoms, such as tremor, rigidity, slow movement, and postural instability. The most common type of parkinsonism is Parkinson's disease, which is caused by the death of neuron cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain known as the substantia nigra. The primary symptoms of Parkinsonism include tremor, rigidity, akinesia (difficulty initiating movement), and postural instability. Tremor most commonly involves a flapping or rhythmic movement of the fingers, hands, or feet, and is typically present on only one side of the body. Rigidity is characterized by stiffness of the limbs and increased muscle tension. Akinesia cause difficulty initiating movement, even in response to a clear instruction, and can lead to significant impairment of motor function. Postural instability is the inability to maintain an upright position, often resulting in falls. Parkinsonism is most commonly diagnosed with clinical examination and neurological testing. In a neurological exam, a physician will evaluate the patient's strength, coordination, reflexes, and mental functioning. Specialized tests such as imaging studies and lumbar punctures may also be used. Treatment includes pharmacological therapies that aim to replace the lost dopamine, as well as physical and occupational therapy for symptom management.