Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitters are key molecules in the communications between neurons of the nervous system. They regulate body processes and achievements, including such vital activities as sleep, movement, emotion and learning as well as concentration and alertness. Neurotransmitters are released from a neuron and then bind to receptors on the dendrites a neighboring neuron, a process known as signal transduction. The neuron receiving the signal may then either fire an action potential or be inhibited. Thus, neurotransmitters form the basis of communication between brain cells. There are two main types of neurotransmitters namely excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Excitatory neurotransmitters such as dopamine or epinephrine activate and excite nerve cells, while inhibitory neurotransmitters such as GABA or endorphins calm and relax them. It is the balanced production and transmission of these neurotransmitters that keep the central nervous system in balance and control complicated behaviors. Neurotransmitters can also interact with receptors in other organs and muscles throughout the body. This is because the nervous system doesn’t just send signals to the brain but numerous other parts of the body as well. Through this process neurotransmitters regulate all kinds of functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and other physical and emotional responses. It is possible that disruptions in neurotransmitter balance can affect the physical and psychological health negatively. The most studied neurotransmitters in the brain are serotonin, dopamine and glutamate. Low levels of serotonin and dopamine are associated with depression and anxiety. Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in learning and memory formation. It is believed that disturbances in glutamatergic activity can contribute to disorders like bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. We are just beginning to understand the complex roles neurotransmitters play in the body. Scientists are continuing to research into the effects of this intricate system and the potential implications of disrupted neurotransmitter balance.