Neuroepigenetics

Neuroepigenetics investigates the genetic and epigenetic regulation of the brain, its development and disorders. The term "neuroepigenetics" represents the combined study of neuroscience, genetics, and epigenetics – three core disciplines of neuroscience research. Neuroepigenetics involves the study of how epigenetic modification of DNA and histones regulate brain development, function, and disease pathogenesis. Epigenetics refers to the chemical modification of DNA and histones, such as methylation and acetylation, that can activate or deactivate gene expression without changing the genetic code itself. Investigations in neuroepigenetics have identified epigenetically driven transitions in gene expression in response to environmental stimuli in the adult brain, and epigenetic mutations are thought to play a role in a variety of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Understanding the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in neurological diseases offers the potential for novel therapeutic interventions. For example, several studies have shown that blocking specific epigenetic enzymes in model animals can improve disease phenotypes, suggesting that manipulating epigenetic machinery could be advantageous to treat neurological disorders. In addition to revealing the potential of epigenetic modifiers as therapeutic targets, investigations in neuroepigenetics have revealed novel insights into the molecular basis underlying normal cognition and neurological disorders. For example, one recent study identified epigenetic differences in a brain region important for memory formation in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. This provides evidence that epigenetic mechanisms might be involved in memory impairments in Alzheimer's disease and offer potential insight into the development of novel therapeutics. Overall, the field of neuroepigenetics is in its infancy but has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of brain function and neurological disorders. By studying epigenetic changes in the brain, researchers can gain insights into the gene-environment interactions that contribute to neurological diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, and develop therapies tailored to the individual patient.