Movement Disorders

Movement disorders are a group of conditions which cause either an abnormality in muscle control or movements, or an involuntary and repetitive movements. It is estimated that approximately 5 million people in the United States alone are affected by some form of movement disorder. The two most common types of movement disorders are dystonia and Parkinson's disease. Dystonia is characterized by muscle spasms and involuntary movements of the body, while Parkinson's disease is characterized by a lack of muscle control and shaking. Other types of movement disorders include Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome, restless leg syndrome, and cerebellar ataxia. Movement disorders can be caused by genetic, neurologic, metabolic, endocrine, or environmental factors. Common neurological causes include traumatic brain injury, stroke, or diseases of the nervous system. Metabolic causes include problems with fat and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as endocrine disorders such as diabetes. Environmental factors such as toxins or drug use can also contribute to movement disorders. The first step in diagnosing movement disorders is to have a physician evaluate for any underlying causes such as neurological or metabolic issues. Once an underlying cause is identified and treated, further tests such as blood tests and sometimes imaging or neurological tests may be required to diagnose the disorder. Treatments for movement disorders vary depending on the individual patient and the type of disorder. In many cases, medications may help to control symptoms, while in other cases devices such as braces or splints may be used to support or restrict movement. Physical and occupational therapy may also be recommended to help improve balance and coordination. In very severe cases, surgery or neurostimulation may be needed. It is important to understand that movement disorders can significantly impact quality of life. Many people with movement disorders may find certain activities difficult or even impossible.