Lewy Body Dementia

Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative brain disorder caused by the accumulation of proteins called alpha-synuclein in certain areas of the brain, known as Lewy bodies. It is typically characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive function and gradual deterioration of physical and behavioral abilities. Common symptoms include difficulty with reasoning, memory and language, significant changes in behavior, difficulty with energy and sleep, and impaired motor coordination. The most common form of LBD is dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), also known as Lewy body dementia. DLB is the most common form of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease and typically affects adults between the age of 55 and 80. Its prevalence is estimated at 2–3 % amongst all dementias with most cases diagnosed amongst those aged 70 and over. LBD is the result of a protein accumulation in certain regions of the brain including the cortex, hippocampus, locus coeruleus, basal ganglia, and other nuclei structures. The protein buildup causes cell death and central nervous system dysfunction over time, leading to cognitive decline. Lewy bodies themselves, along with other signs of neurofibrillary pathology, are observed in the autopsy of LBD patients. Cognitive decline in Lewy body dementia is further characterized by fluctuations in attention, executive functioning, and the ability to concentrate. Patients may also be more prone to experiencing visual and auditory hallucinations, especially as the disease progresses. Additionally, the motor features of the disease may include bradykinesia, gait disturbances, and postural instability. Early diagnosis of Lewy body dementia can be difficult due to its symptoms overlapping with those of other dementias such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. In fact, LBD may be misdiagnosed as one of these other conditions up to 70% of the time. Therefore, it is important for health professionals to be familiar with the signs and symptoms of LBD during the diagnostic process. Currently, there is no cure for Lewy body dementia, but research continues. Treatment generally focuses on treating some of the more pronounced symptoms and providing supportive care; this may include medications to reduce hallucinations, treat anxiety or depression, improve sleep, or improve motor coordination. As with any chronic condition, it is important to partner with a doctor to determine the best course of treatment.