Addictive Behavior

Addictive behavior is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social, and spiritual manifestations in an individual affected by addictive behavior, leading to the inability to consistently abstain from an addictive activity. Addictive behavior can result from a wide variety of activities, such as stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamine as well as behavioral activities such as gambling, shopping, and eating. Biologically, addictive behavior is defined as a pattern of repeated activities that affect the individuals neural circuitry in a plastic way, as evidenced by long-term changes in gene expression, neurotransmitter function, or even anatomy of the brain. Pathologic use of a drug or activity leads to changes in receptor density in the brain which causes a person to take more of the drug or engage in the activity more frequently in order to achieve the same effects. Psychologically, addictive behavior is typically marked by an increased intensity of emotion related to the addictive activity, where euphoric or pleasurable feelings outweigh responses to negative behavior. Individuals can also feel an intense need for the drug or activity, coupled with craving and a lack of control over use. Socially, problematic addictive behavior results in interpersonal complications, as individuals tend to prioritize their addictive behaviors over their social relationships. Additionally, financial burden on family members and social exclusion from peers creates further obstacles to treatment, compounding feelings of guilt or shame. As with all primary, chronic diseases, it is essential to recognize that, while every person may experience form of addiction differently, each case is equally serious and warrants the same level of attention. As there is no single cause behind addiction, a multifaceted approach that addresses underlying psychological and social components should be taken to provide comprehensive, full care for individuals affected by addictive behavior. By recognizing the multitude of factors underlying addictive behavior, we can provide the best treatment options for those afflicted with it.